When that anonymous individual using the alias Satoshi Nakamoto introduced Bitcoin, he claimed it enables transactions. But a transaction assumes something to transfer, which is missing in Nakamoto’s creation, as it only maintains a decentralized list showing which numbers are assigned to cryptographic keys.
People who spend electricity to obtain these number assignments, and those who later pay to have them reassigned, use terms such as mining, buying, and investing. But again, this assumes that there is something to mine, buy, or invest in.
And although participants often claim they have acquired something digital, a person who has, for example, “50” assigned to their cryptographic key cannot point to fifty distinct files, data structures, or software artifacts. There are no digital objects in which one could invest.
It is even more obvious that there is nothing physical. Despite the common visual portrayal of Bitcoin as metal coins stamped with symbols, and frequent comparisons to collectibles or commodities, no fifty tangible units of any kind are stored or reserved for the person whose key holds the number “50.”
However, the most common claim repeated by participants is that they acquired something similar to fiat money, e-money issued by companies like PayPal, tokens, or even stocks. Yet in all those cases, people invest in a legally binding obligation, and then receive a return from the party bearing the obligation.
That return can be direct or indirect. Stocks represent a company’s obligation to its shareholders. When companies decide to distribute profits, carry out share buybacks, or liquidate the business, they are legally required to make direct payments to shareholders. PayPal’s e-money and tokens like casino chips represent the issuer’s obligation to redeem them for a specified amount of fiat money.
In other cases, the return is indirect. Fiat money is created through bank lending, which means borrowers are legally obligated to repay banks. The only way they can fulfill that obligation is by producing goods, providing services, or offering labor to those who hold fiat money. If the borrower is the government, repayment occurs by enabling the settlement of tax liabilities with that money. If borrowers fail to meet their obligations, banks seize their property and offer it at auction to holders of money. Thus, although holders have no direct claims against individual borrowers or banks, they ultimately receive goods, services, labor, seized property, and tax settlement from them precisely because they invested in an existing legal obligation.
In the Bitcoin system, no such obligation exists. As a result, there is no party that will provide a return, directly or indirectly, to those who control the cryptographic keys.
So, nothing digital, physical, or legally binding exists in proportion to the numbers assigned to those keys. Meaning, there is nothing to transfer, mine, buy, or invest in. Satoshi Nakamoto did not invent a payment system or a new type of money. He created only a technologically advanced list of numbers managed by a protocol and software. Because of the language he used to introduce that list, people mistakenly believe it is a ledger. They believe the assigned numbers represent balances of something. But there is nothing at all.
That is why all the electricity and capital that people give up to have numbers added to this list is not investing. It is one of the greatest wastes of resources in history.
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