Ethereum has been highly reliant on the Zero Knowledge Solutions like ZK Rollups. It had even bought blobs, temporary storage spaces in Ethereum L1 blocks, to reduce the cost that rollups pay to finalize their transactions on Ethereum

Further, Ethereum had also bought the Dencun Upgrade on March 13, 2024 and the Pectra Upgrade on May 7, 2025 to help rollups.

However, a past legacy solution remains a critical bottleneck for Ethereum Scaling called the “modexp precompile”.

ModeXP Precompile is an algorithm that enables the execution of highly complex operations, which other protocols, such as RSA, cannot perform.

When ModeXP was created around 2017, there were no Zero Knowledge Protocols. In the current scenario, they force the Zero Knowledge Rollup to simulate the Ethereum blockchain for every transaction in a particular summary.

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